Ectoine, also known as tetrahydropyrimidine, is a natural compatible solute synthesized by halophilic microorganisms and belongs to the category of amino acid derivatives. With a molecular formula of C₆H₁₀N₂O₂, it is a highly efficient cell protectant. It can stabilize protein structures and biomembrane systems, and exhibits strong stress-resistant protective activity. With the in-depth development of green and sustainable agriculture, Ectoine has also been widely applied in the plant field, featuring the effects of enhancing stress resistance and promoting plant growth.
It maintains the stability of biological macromolecules (cell membranes, proteins) and ion balance (K⁺, Ca²⁺, Na⁺, Cl⁻, etc.); sustains the intensity of photosynthesis and respiration (gas exchange); scavenges free radicals and resists oxidative stress responses caused by high-salt stress.
The conjugated π bonds in Ectoine have strong UV absorption and filtering properties, which can reduce DNA damage; it can activate the cellular antioxidant system and alleviate the oxidative stress impact of ultraviolet light on cells.
The carboxyl groups and pyrimidine rings in the Ectoine molecule form a large conjugated system, endowing Ectoine with high electronegativity and hydrophilicity. One molecule of Ectoine can bind 4-5 water molecules through hydrogen bonds.